5G is the fifth generation of cellular network technology and the successor to 4G.
It was first rolled out in 2019.
The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) develops its technical standards in cooperation with the ITU’s IMT-2020 program.
5G networks divide coverage areas into smaller zones called cells. Devices connect to local base stations by radio. Each station links to the telephone network and the Internet through fast optical fiber or wireless backhaul.
Compared with 4G, 5G can transfer data much faster—up to 10 Gbit/s in tests—and respond quicker, with delays of only a few milliseconds. These improvements let networks handle more users and support uses such as extended reality, autonomous vehicles, remote surgery trials, and fixed wireless access for home internet.
5G also connects large numbers of sensors and machines, known as the IoT, and uses edge computing to process data closer to where it is generated.
Building 5G networks requires new infrastructure and access to suitable radio spectrum.
Network operators report high costs and continue to improve energy efficiency and security.
5G adoption is carried out incrementally. It differs among countries depending on income, geography, and national policy.
Analysts expect 5G to support telehealth, smart transport, and digital media, while operating alongside 4G networks into the 2030s.
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